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The Screwtape Letters is a Christian apologetic novel by C. S. Lewis and dedicated to J. R. R. Tolkien. It is written in a satirical, epistolary style and, while it is fictional in format, the plot and characters are used to address Christian theological issues, primarily those to do with temptation and resistance to it. First published in February 1942, the story takes the form of a series of letters from a senior demon Screwtape to his nephew Wormwood, a junior tempter. The uncle’s mentorship pertains to the nephew’s responsibility in securing the damnation of a British man known only as “the Patient.”Summary
In The Screwtape Letters, Lewis imagines a series of lessons in the importance of taking a deliberate role in Christian faith by portraying a typical human life, with all its temptations and failings, seen from devils’ viewpoints. Screwtape holds an administrative post in the bureaucracy (“Lowerarchy”) of Hell, and acts as a mentor to his nephew Wormwood, an inexperienced and incompetent tempter. In the 31 letters which comprise the book, Screwtape gives Wormwood detailed advice on various methods of undermining God’s words and of promoting abandonment of God in “the Patient” (whom Wormwood is tempting), interspersed with observations on human nature and on the Bible. In Screwtape’s advice, selfish gain and power are seen as the only good, and neither demon can comprehend God’s love for man or acknowledge human virtue. Versions of the letters were originally published weekly in the Anglican periodical The Guardian during wartime, from May to November 1941. The book adds an introduction explaining how the author chose to write his story. Lewis wrote a sequel, “Screwtape Proposes a Toast,” in 1959. The satirical essay criticizes trends in British society, education, and public attitudes. (Although Britain calls its major private schools “public schools,” Lewis is referring to state schools when he criticizes “public education.”) The essay was included, with a new preface by Lewis, in editions of The Screwtape Letters published by Bles in 1961 and by Macmillan in 1962. The Screwtape Letters became one of Lewis’ most popular works, although he said it was “not fun” to write and “resolved never to write another ‘Letter’.” Both “The Screwtape Letters” and “Screwtape Proposes a Toast” were released on audio cassette and CD, with narrations by John Cleese, Joss Ackland, and Ralph Cosham. Cleese’s recording was a Grammy Awards Finalist for Best Spoken Word.Plot overview
The Screwtape Letters consists of 31 letters written by a senior demon named Screwtape to his nephew, Wormwood (named after a star in the Book of Revelation), a younger and less experienced demon, charged with guiding a man called “the Patient” toward “Our Father Below” (Satan), and away from “the Enemy” (God). After the second letter, the Patient converts to Christianity, and Wormwood is chastised for allowing this. A striking contrast is formed between Wormwood and Screwtape during the rest of the book, wherein Wormwood is depicted through Screwtape’s letters as anxious to tempt his patient into extravagantly wicked and deplorable sins, often recklessly, while Screwtape takes a more subtle stance, as in Letter XII, wherein he remarks: “… the safest road to hell is the gradual one – the gentle slope, soft underfoot, without sudden turnings, without milestones, without signposts.” In Letter VIII, Screwtape explains to his protégé the different purposes that God and the devils have for the human race: “We want cattle who can finally become food; He wants servants who can finally become sons.” With this end in mind, Screwtape urges Wormwood in Letter VI to promote passivity and irresponsibility in the Patient: “(God) wants men to be concerned with what they do; our business is to keep them thinking about what will happen to them.” With his own views on theology, Lewis goes on to describe and discuss sex, love, pride, gluttony, and war in successive letters. Lewis, an Oxford and Cambridge scholar himself, suggests in his work that even intellectuals are not impervious to the influence of such demons, especially during complacent acceptance of the “Historical Point of View” (Letter XXVII). In Letter XXII, after several attempts to find a licentious woman for the Patient “to promote a useful marriage,” and after Screwtape’s narrowly avoiding a painful punishment for having divulged to Wormwood God’s genuine love for humanity (about which Wormwood had promptly informed the Infernal authorities), Screwtape notes that the Patient has fallen in love with a Christian girl, and through her and her family, had adopted a very Christian way of life. Toward the end of this letter, in his anger, Screwtape becomes a large centipede, mimicking a similar transformation in Book X of Paradise Lost, wherein the demons are changed into snakes. Later in the correspondence, it is revealed that the young man may be placed in harm’s way by his possible civil defence duties (it is stated in an earlier letter that he is eligible for military service, but it is never actually confirmed that he was indeed called). While Wormwood is delighted with this and by the Second World War in general, Screwtape admonishes Wormwood to keep the Patient safe in hopes that they can compromise his faith over a long lifetime. In the last letter, the Patient has been killed during the Blitz and has gone to Heaven, and for his ultimate failure, Wormwood is doomed to suffer the consumption of his spiritual essence by the other demons, especially by Screwtape himself. He responds to Wormwood’s final letter by saying that he may expect as little assistance as Screwtape would expect from Wormwood were their situations reversed (“My love for you and your love for me are as alike as two peas … The difference is that I am the stronger.”), mimicking the situation where Wormwood himself reported his uncle to the Infernal Police for Infernal Heresy (making a religiously positive remark that would offend Satan). Screwtape starts every letter with, “My dear Wormwood,” except the last letter, which sarcastically says, “My dear, my very dear Wormwood; my poppet, my pigsnie.”Literary sequels
“Screwtape Proposes a Toast”
The short sequel “Screwtape Proposes a Toast” (1959), first published as an article in The Saturday Evening Post, is an addendum to The Screwtape Letters; the two works are often published together as one book. The sequel takes the form of an after-dinner speech given by Screwtape at the Tempters’ Training College for young demons. In stage adaptations it is sometimes added as a prelude, making the work a prequel. “Screwtape Proposes a Toast” is Lewis’ criticism of leveling and featherbedding trends in public education; more specifically, as he reveals in the foreword to the American edition, public education in America (though in the text, it is English education that is held up as the purportedly awful example). The Cold War opposition between the West and the Communist World is explicitly discussed as a backdrop to the educational issues. Screwtape and other demons are portrayed as consciously using the subversion of education and intellectual thought in the West to bring about its overthrow by the communist enemy from without and within. In this sense “Screwtape Proposes a Toast” is more strongly political than The Screwtape Letters, wherein no strong stand is made on political issues of the day, such as World War II.Other literary sequels
Though C. S. Lewis had resolved not to write another letter, and only revisited the character of Screwtape once, in “Screwtape Proposes a Toast”, the format, referred to by Lewis himself as a kind of “demonic ventriloquism”, has inspired other authors to prepare sequels or similar works, such as:- Breig, Joseph A. (1952). The Devil You Say.
- Martin, Walter R. (1975). Screwtape Writes Again. ISBN 978-0-88449-033-3.
- Kreeft, Peter (1998). The Snakebite Letters: Devilishly Devious Secrets for Subverting Society as Taught in Tempter’s Training School. ISBN 978-0-89870-721-2.
- Alcorn, Randy (2001). Lord Foulgrin’s Letters. ISBN 978-1-57673-861-0.
- Bryan Miles (2003). The Wormwood Letters. ISBN 978-0-595-28392-7. Wormwood, who has somehow survived, now finds himself in a new era writing to his own nephew, Soulsniper.
- Fejfar, Antony J. (2004). The Screwtape Emails: An Allegory.
- Forest, Jim (2004). The Wormwood File: E-mail From Hell. ISBN 978-1-57075-554-5. Another Wormwood series of instructions.
- Laymon, Barbara (2004). The Devil’s Inbox. ISBN 978-0-8066-4945-0.
- Williams, Arthur H. Jr. (2006). The Screwtape Email. ISBN 978-1-4120-0067-3.
- Longenecker, Dwight (2009). The Gargoyle Code: Lenten Letters between a Master Tempter and his diabolical Trainee. ISBN 978-0615673851. Master Tempter Slubgrip advises Dogwart how to corrupt a young Catholic, while struggling to control his own ‘patient.’
- Peschke, Jim (2010). The Michael Letters: Heaven’s answer to Screwtape. ISBN 978-1-4536-6027-0. The Archangel Michael provides advice to Jacob, a guardian angel.
- Platt, Richard (2012). As One Devil to Another: A Fiendish Correspondence in the Tradition of C. S. Lewis’ The Screwtape Letters. ISBN 978-1-4143-7166-5.
- Andrews, Pat. (2014). E-mails from Hell: An Homage and Update to C.S. Lewis.
- Deace, Steve. (2016). A Nefarious Plot. ISBN 978-1-61868-823-1.
- Aldridge, R.J. (2019). The Wormwood Emails: Inside Tips on Avoiding Hell.
- Cyprus, J.B.. (2022). Letters to Bentrock: A Demon’s Guide To Trapping Prey. ISBN 978-1639772780. Cyprus, J.B. (2022). Letters to Bentrock: A Demon’s Guide To Trapping Prey. ISBN 978-1639772780. The tempters are working in a Texas prison to keep The Inmate on the wide and easy road to their home below.